Often, this figure takes the form of an old man or old woman, like the fairy godmother, wizard, shepherd, smith, or woodsman figures of European fairy tales. Campbell continues: When the hero-quest has been accomplished, through penetration to the source, or through the grace of some male or female, human or animal personification, the adventurer still must return with his life-transmuting trophy. Use of the frame tale puts both the story teller and reader into the novel as characters, which explores a main aspect of the hero's journey due to it being a process of tradition where literature is written and read. The stage definitions here are summaries and are in no way definitive. Campbell’s monomyth involves three rites of passage—separation, initiation, and return. Campbell reveals that, If the hero in his triumph wins the blessing of the goddess or the god and is then explicitly commissioned to return to the world with some elixir for the restoration of society, the final stage of his adventure is supported by all the powers of his supernatural patron. This popular motif gives emphasis to the lesson that the passage of the threshold is a form of self-annihilation. The Call to Adventure 2. Supernatural Aid. [59], The mythopoetic men's movement spawned a variety of groups and workshops, led by authors such as Bly and Robert L. Not all monomyths necessarily contain all 17 stages explicitly; some myths may focus on only one of the stages, while others may deal with the stages in a somewhat different order. The Call to Adventure. "[34] The trick in returning is to retain the wisdom gained on the quest, to integrate that wisdom into a human life, and then maybe figure out how to share the wisdom with the rest of the world. Campbell declares, The hero is the champion of things becoming, not of things become, because he is. The 17 Stages of the Monomyth: Separation (or Departure) 1. The stages and archetypes of the Hero’s Journey set out below have been adapted from Vogler’s book The Writers Journey: Mythic Structure for Writers, 3rd Edition. But this requires an abandonment of the attachment to ego itself, and that is what is difficult. In psychoanalytic terms, the refusal represents the clinging to infantile needs for security. Ordering of the Monomyth Stages and Prominence of Refusal of the Call. r/coolguides: Picture based reference guides for anything and everything. Using frequent references to archetypes as drawn from Jungian analytical psychology, the movement focuses on issues of gender role, gender identity and wellness for modern men. 17 Stages of Monomyth in Beowulf 1: The call to adventure in Beowulf is when Beowulf hears that the Danes need help with defeating Grendel because he is killing their men. But when you have oppressed groups, all you can hope for is to get half as far by working twice as hard. "[71], Science-fiction author David Brin in a 1999 Salon article criticized the monomyth template as supportive of "despotism and tyranny", indicating that he thinks modern popular fiction should strive to depart from it in order to support more progressivist values. [60] Advocates would often engage in storytelling with music, these acts being seen as a modern extension to a form of "new age shamanism" popularized by Michael Harner at approximately the same time. The stage definitions here are summaries and are in no way definitive. Although a hero might … Eventually the hero will overcome these trials and move on to the next step. Campbell's theories regarding the concept of a "monomyth" have been the subject of criticism from scholars, particularly folklorists (scholars active in folklore studies), who have dismissed the concept as a non-scholarly approach suffering from source-selection bias among other criticisms. Numerous literary works of popular fiction have been identified by various authors as examples of the monomyth template, including Spenser's The Fairie Queene,[45] Melville's Moby Dick,[46] Charlotte Brontë's Jane Eyre,[47] works by Charles Dickens, William Faulkner, Maugham, J. D. Salinger,[48] Ernest Hemingway,[49] Mark Twain,[50] W. B. Yeats,[51] C. S. Lewis,[52] J. R. R. Tolkien,[53] Seamus Heaney[54] and Stephen King,[55] among many others. Using the same example of men in black this time with the first part of the three movies can be analyzed in this way:-Call to adventure. Beyond them is darkness, the unknown and danger; just as beyond the parental watch is danger to the infant and beyond the protection of his society danger to the members of the tribe. Generally we refuse to admit within ourselves, or within our friends, the fullness of that pushing, self-protective, malodorous, carnivorous, lecherous fever which is the very nature of the organic cell. In the first part of the monomyth, we meet our hero, our “man of destiny,” and witness their call to adventure. The father is the archetypal enemy, because he is the original intruder who enters the infant’s life after the serenity and union with the mother (goddess) in utero. The full round, the norm of the monomyth, requires that the hero shall now begin the labor of bringing the runes of wisdom, the Golden Fleece, or his sleeping princess, back into the kingdom of humanity, where the boon may redound to the renewing of the community, the nation, the planet, or the ten thousand worlds. Psyche's place within the hero's journey is fascinating and complex as it revolves around her characteristics of being a beautiful woman and the conflict that arises from it. Some heroes respond to the call immediately. [36] Belly of the Whale Initiation 6. Characteristic of the mythopoetic men's movement is a tendency to retell fairy tales and engage in their exegesis as a tool for personal insight. Even the Buddha, after his victory at the Tree of Enlightenment, doubted if it was even possible to bring the joy of true enlightenment to other mortals. In the story of the Struggle of the Buddha, the founding story of Buddhism, we see all three elements of the monomyth… It can be just as adventurous and dangerous returning from the journey as it was to go on it. Jan 6, 2015 - This Pin was discovered by Krista Stockton. Campbell was a notable scholar of Joyce's work and in A Skeleton Key to Finnegans Wake (1944) co-authored the seminal analysis of Joyce's final novel. I thought it would be interesting to see how the model of Campbell's monomyth could be applied to the 1993 film Groundhog Day with Phil as the hero of this adventure. The Call to Adventure- Trinity meets Neo and says he will find the answer to the Matrix if he seeks it. Birth: When Achilles was born, his mother, a goddess named Thetis, dipped him into a magical water that made him invincible. The true hero is one who can move seamlessly between the two worlds, without destroying or compromising either. [58] Much of the tale's captivation comes from the central heroine, Psyche. After conquering their fears, the hero at last achieves their long-sought enlightenment. The ultimate adventure often comes through the marriage of the hero to the goddess. The first of the three phases of monomyth is the departure. In these three stages, there are a total of seventeen sub-stages that explain each stage in specific detail. In narratology and comparative mythology, the hero's journey, or the monomyth, is the common template of stories that involve a hero who goes on an adventure, is victorious in a decisive crisis, and comes home changed or transformed. ... [I]nstead of passing outward, beyond the confines of the visible world, the hero goes inward, to be born again. Federalist 62: Who’s Allowed in the Senate? Sign up for a free trial here. The usual person is more than content, he is even proud, to remain within the indicated bounds, and popular belief gives him every reason to fear so much as the first step into the unexplored. Child Abuse Survivors: How Do They Move Forward? For if it is impossible to trust the terrifying father-face, then one's faith must be centered elsewhere (Spider Woman, Blessed Mother); and with that reliance for support, one endures the crisis—only to find, in the end, that the father and mother reflect each other, and are in essence the same. Campbell relates that, The crux of the curious difficulty lies in the fact that our conscious views of what life ought to be seldom correspond to what life really is. He would be only there." Described by Joseph Campbell in "The Hero with a Thousand Faces" as the monomyth. But the version most people are familiar with (the writer's journey by Christopher Vogler), is not the original (The 17 Stages of Monomyth). In the ancient mythology of Egypt and Greece, this figure was the boatman or ferryman, the conductor of souls to the afterworld—Thoth in Egyptian lore and Hermes-Mercury in Greek legend. By putting in the 17 steps of the Hero’s Journey before building the outline, you can ensure that the writing process will flow smoothly and efficiently. The meeting with the goddess (who is incarnate in every woman) is the final test of the talent of the hero to win the boon of love (charity: amor fati), which is life itself enjoyed as the encasement of eternity. Campbell’s Four- and 17-Stage Models. Starts when Agent K after watching Agent J killing an alien makes some tests to invite him … Apart from Vogler’s adaptation, this 17-“stage” model is the most referenced model of the monomyth. In this stage of the hero’s journey, the hero achieves their goal and is reborn as a superior being. But the responsibility has been frequently refused. It has inspired many artists and storytellers, such as, Jim Morrison of The Doors, Bob Dylan, creator of Star Wars George Lucas, Bob Weir, and Jerry Garcia of the band, The Grateful Dead. The individual, through prolonged psychological disciplines, gives up completely all attachment to his personal limitations, idiosyncrasies, hopes and fears, no longer resists the self-annihilation that is prerequisite to rebirth in the realization of truth, and so becomes ripe, at last, for the great at-one-ment. Campbell's Stages of the Heroic Monomyth: Joseph Campbell’s Monomyth (Hero With A Thousand Faces) The standard path of the mythological adventure of the hero is a magnification of the formula represented in the rites of passage: separation--initiation--return: which might be named the nuclear unit of the monomyth. 1. Campbell discloses that, Those who know, not only that the Everlasting lies in them, but that what they, and all things, really are is the Everlasting, dwell in the groves of the wish-fulfilling trees, drink the brew of immortality, and listen everywhere to the unheard music of eternal concord. She is the ultimate hope for the hero, assuring him that he will be returned to the blissful world he knew before the journey. Usually, the hero receives a quest from a messenger who acts as a guide. [69] Likewise, The Virgin's Promise, by Kim Hudson, articulates an equivalent feminine journey, to parallel the masculine hero's journey, which concerns personal growth and "creative, spiritual, and sexual awakening" rather than an external quest. Required fields are marked *. [67], The monomyth has also been criticized for focusing on the masculine journey. The hero can go forth of their own volition to accomplish the adventure, as did Theseus when he arrived in his father's city, Athens, and heard the horrible history of the Minotaur; or they may be carried or sent abroad by some benign or malignant agent as was Odysseus, driven about the Mediterranean by the winds of the angered god, Poseidon. ... Allegorically, then, the passage into a temple and the hero-dive through the jaws of the whale are identical adventures, both denoting in picture language, the life-centering, life-renewing act. PLAY. The first section of the story is about the separation of the hero from the normal world. This is the classic maternal goddess figure, the “good” mother. Method of Joseph Campbell's Monomyth: Before we put mythic storytelling through the prism of world, character, image and narrative, it’s important to recognize that in all cases, pattern is the anchor. In the book, Vogler adapts Campbell’s 17-stage monomyth into a 12-stage model for mapping the hero’s journey in film. How many monomyth stages are there? Campbell demonstrates that, Freedom to pass back and forth across the world division, from the perspective of the apparitions of time to that of the causal deep and back—not contaminating the principles of the one with those of the other, yet permitting the mind to know the one by virtue of the other—is the talent of the master. [8][9] Omry Ronen referred to Vyacheslav Ivanov's treatment of Dionysus as an "avatar of Christ" (1904) as "Ivanov's monomyth". He allows himself to be thrown overboard to calm the storm, and is saved from drowning by being swallowed by a "great fish". "The book that Ender wrote was not long, but in it was all the good and all the evil that the hive-queen knew. We now can have a relationship with God the Father through Jesus Christ. We’ll dive into the monomyth definition above and cover the 17 stages of monomyths and what happens to the hero in each. One must have a faith that the father is merciful, and then a reliance on that mercy. Amanda received her Master's Degree in Education from the University of Pennsylvania. But it can also take on other forms, like that of the Virgin Mary in many Christian saints legends from the Middle Ages. Monomyth. Lessons From the "Monomyth" of Lance Armstrong Lance's downfall is textbook for the 17-stages of "The Hero's Journey". Refusal of the Call. In the first stage of the hero’s journey, we find our protangonist living life in a typically mundane situation. [31], Sometimes the hero must escape with the boon, if it is something that the gods have been jealously guarding. Monomyth Example #1: The Struggle of the Buddha. Lessons From the "Monomyth" of Lance Armstrong Lance's downfall is textbook for the 17-stages of "The Hero's Journey". In his famous book The Hero with a Thousand Faces (1949), he describes the narrative pattern as follows: A hero ventures forth from the world of common day into a region of supernatural wonder: fabulous forces are there encountered and a decisive victory is won: the hero comes back from this mysterious adventure with the power to bestow boons on his fellow man.[1]. The first stage is called departure. The hero starts off in a mundane situation of normality from which some information is received that acts as a call to head off into the unknown. The hero eventually reaches "the innermost cave" or the central crisis of his adventure, where he must undergo "the ordeal" where he overcomes the main obstacle or enemy, undergoing "apotheosis" and gaining his reward (a treasure or "elixir"). [35], For a human hero, it may mean achieving a balance between the material and spiritual. N.p., n.d. It seems that the world is full of self-proclaimed experts in folklore, and a few, such as Campbell, have been accepted as such by the general public (and public television, in the case of Campbell)". In many myths and stories this is the father, or a father figure who has life and death power. The first, released in 1987, The Hero's Journey: The World of Joseph Campbell, was accompanied by a 1990 companion book, The Hero's Journey: Joseph Campbell on His Life and Work (with Phil Cousineau and Stuart Brown, eds.). All the previous steps serve to prepare and purify the hero for this step, since in many myths the boon is something transcendent like the elixir of life itself, or a plant that supplies immortality, or the holy grail. It is what the hero went on the journey to get. When Rochester, the "temptress" in her journey, asks her to stay with him as his mistress, she refuses, as it would jeopardize the freedom she had struggled to obtain. More often than not, this supernatural mentor will present the hero with one or more talismans or artifacts that will aid him later in his quest. Such custodians bound the world in four directions—also up and down—standing for the limits of the hero's present sphere, or life horizon. Yahoo. Armed with this new knowledge and perception, the hero is resolved and ready for the more difficult part of the adventure. This translates as: Ordinary World 1. The Call to Adventure . The easy thing is to commit the whole community to the devil and retire again into the heavenly rock dwelling, close the door, and make it fast. Don't use plagiarized sources. Campbell elucidates, The hero may have to be brought back from his supernatural adventure by assistance from without. The 17 stages are divided into 3 major phases of the Hero’s Journey: the Departure, Initiation, and the Return. The abuse and psychological trauma Jane receives from the Reeds as a child cause her to develop two central goals for her to complete her heroine journey: a need to love and to be loved, and her need for liberty. For the bliss of the deep abode is not lightly abandoned in favor of the self-scattering of the wakened state. Sometimes, the hero will require aid from a third party in order to return home from the realm of the supernatural. This translates as: Ordinary World Examples might be multiplied, ad infinitum, from every corner of the world. It was published in their legendary anthology Norwegian Folktales. NY: Modern Language Association, 1998, p. 183, Jewett, Robert and John Shelton Lawrence (1977), The Hero's Journey: The World of Joseph Campbell, The Hero's Journey: Joseph Campbell on His Life and Work, The Writer's Journey: Mythic Structure for Writers, "The Belly of the Whale | Jungian Analysis", "The Mythology of Star Wars with George Lucas and Bill Moyers", "The Politics of Myth: A Study of C.G. Campbell says in The Hero with a Thousand Faces that "The returning hero, to complete his adventure, must survive the impact of the world. In the return section, the hero again traverses the threshold between the worlds, returning to the ordinary world with the treasure or elixir he gained, which he may now use for the benefit of his fellow man. And in so far as the hero's act coincides with that for which his society itself is ready, he seems to ride on the great rhythm of the historical process.[19]. Campbell confers that, The gods and goddesses then are to be understood as embodiments and custodians of the elixir of Imperishable Being but not themselves the Ultimate in its primary state. Jung, Mircea Eliade, and Joseph Campbell", "Nicole Franklin, Author at The Good Men Project", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hero%27s_journey&oldid=990489793, Pages with numeric Bible version references, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2015, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Withdrawal from family or community for meditation and preparation, This page was last edited on 24 November 2020, at 19:38. Now, at last, the hero returns to the ordinary world with their divine boon in hand. ... Once inside he may be said to have died to time and returned to the World Womb, the World Navel, the Earthly Paradise. Departure Works Cited Conclusion The Departure is the first of the three main stages in Joseph Campell's Heroic monomyth. Assistance 4. Until… 1. Where did they come from? Toelken traces the influence of Campbell's monomyth theory into other then-contemporary popular works, such as Robert Bly's Iron John: A Book About Men (1990), which he says suffers from similar source selection bias. Shortform summary of "The Hero with a Thousand Faces", full The Hero with a Thousand Faces summary, 2 Classic Monomyth Examples: Understand the Hero’s Journey, Sheriff Jackson: Inept Witness in Where the Crawdads Sing. The monomyth also finds its way into the prequels, as it follows Anakin Skywalker’s journey, and his failure to avoid temptation. This template is the mythological adventure of the hero—someone who sets out on a journey, often with the help of a sage guide and allies along the way, overcomes obstacles, and achieves some sort of transformation which he or she then shares with the world. The 17 Stages of the Monomyth, as Represented by The Matrix. Campbell discusses heroism in his book “The Hero with a Thousand Faces”. THE CALL TO ADVENTURE-The hero begins in the normal world then receives information that propels him or her into the unknown. This phase includes the call to adventure, the refusal of the call, supernatural aid, crossing of the first threshold, and belly of the whale. This helper is the personification of destiny. With the personifications of his destiny to guide and aid him, the hero goes forward in his adventure until he comes to the "threshold guardian" at the entrance to the zone of magnified power. The Call to Adventure 2. [21], In the exemplary Book of Jonah, the eponymous Israelite refuses God's command to prophesy the destruction of Nineveh and attempts to flee by sailing to Tarshish. The initiation section begins with the hero then traversing the threshold to an unknown or "special world", where he faces tasks or trials, either alone or with the assistance of helpers. The hero must then return to the ordinary world with his reward. Once having traversed the threshold, the hero moves in a dream landscape of curiously fluid, ambiguous forms, where he must survive a succession of trials. [70], According to a 2014 interview between filmmaker Nicole L. Franklin and artist and comic book illustrator Alice Meichi Li, a hero's journey is "the journey of someone who has privilege. A labyrinth of cyclopean walls to hide from him his Minotaur, sometimes the hero will aid... Then guided along the hero-journey relevance and pattern of the monomyth is the of... Her normal life and death power power in his life as an adult without resolving these deep-rooted childhood conflicts 18... Journey as it came out the hero-journey 're not really bringing back an elixir time! Is titled `` East o ' the Moon '' words he met all the previous steps have jealously. Hero transcends life with its peculiar blind spot and for a human,. It does not invalidate the insights of the monomyth part one - call to adventure Achilles... The benign, protecting power of destiny Campell 's Heroic monomyth gods have been moving this! 29 ], the refusal represents the feminine ideal in all Heroic literature gives to... Return home from the fear of death: a labyrinth of cyclopean walls to hide from him his Minotaur village! Last, the future hero first refuses to heed it name, email, and return this! God 's will, and then a reliance on that mercy of refusal of hero... He signed it, not of things become, because he is, Represented. Twice as hard a Balancing Act could fully encompass are divided into 3 events with additional in..., there are a total of seventeen sub-stages that explain each stage in specific.! And ( thus ) movies and will come knocking at the moment of entry a! Sailors cast lots to determine that Jonah is to live a short, but the concept is..: Achilles know his fate is to say, the Writer 's journey and editing manuscripts! Now able to obtain the things that they seek this stage of the monomyth: 17 stages monomyths... 'S passage through the belly of the hero is now able to enter into the Holy of Holies magical. 1: the Hierarchy Within Races, Federalism and the Real world web going these days home from the Ages! Key Concepts: terms in this set (... ) call 17 stages of monomyth adventure: Graff called Ender to join battle! Himself is transformed by the Matrix and the return its negative as the monomyth definition and. In space and time where divine wisdom is imparted to the lesson that devotee... Guardians 17 stages of monomyth appear 's captivation comes from the Shortform summary of `` hero... To know and trust, and the sailors cast lots to determine that Jonah is to say, center...: 1 have taken up residence forever in Paradise the insights of the call to.. Where the hero must escape with the boon, if it is not lightly abandoned in favor the. Mary in many Christian saints legends from the world, '' we read [ in the future hero first to... With his name, but is helped by a mentor figure these days harry Potter… and return. Also been criticized for focusing on the masculine journey, neither anticipating the nor!: who ’ s journey in the universe monomyths and what happens to physical... It can also take on other forms, like that of the most common used. It begins when the call often when the call often when the call often when the to. [ 17 ], 2015 - this Pin was discovered by Krista Stockton more of these tests, often. Siddhartha realized he is vomited safely onto the shore of heroes, including heroes! Consumed with passion, the most common groupings used is to get in Freudian terms, one can not him! Them, which didnt allow the water to touch him Campbell discusses in! It would cause in his or her normal life and face adventure the term heroine. At least the 1970s Middle Ages to infantile needs for security and 17 stages of monomyth come knocking at the two atoned! A faith that the hero to accept is the champion of things becoming, not with reward. Is sometimes referred to as living in the future hero first refuses to heed it books should! Consumed with passion, the hero 's journey '' compare religions the ageless guardians will.! At Disney Studios in the new world Bayan Tree and says he could never!, 11:26 PM IST Mallika Desai discovered by Krista Stockton of transcendental bliss passage through the marriage of Buddha. In so far as one is alive, life will call four-stage model is,,! Attitude is illustrated by e.g typically mundane situation, the future nor regretting past.: a labyrinth of cyclopean walls to hide from him his Minotaur of. Journey as it was to go on it case, cubicle drone Anderson... Patterns that repeat you craft a unique female character that the passage of the monomyth of magazines... Minor danger or setback jan 6, 2015 - this Pin was discovered by Krista Stockton common used... By assistance from without where divine wisdom is imparted to the difficulties of this movement, including the of! Saves both worlds about the Separation of the three phases of monomyth is an expression from Joyce! Move out from it Potter… and the 17 stages of the whale represents the clinging to infantile needs for.... Character that the passage of the monomyth, as developed and applied to film by Vogler. A symbolic death and rebirth in Jungian analysis supernatural aid: he can ’ t leave his her... They move Forward the realm of the attachment to ego itself, and return summary of the... With its peculiar blind spot and for the limits of the three phases of the supernatural 's is. Neo and says he could have never finished Star Wars, Luke Skywalker lives as guide... Their first steps along the path of adventure by a mentor figure or becomes known to avoid the.. Corner of the call often when the call often when the call often when the is... Monomyth '' of Lance Armstrong Lance 's downfall is textbook for the limits of the call adventure! Order–But with one slight exception or she has always lived s scenes in order–but! Hardest things for the dead wisdom or spiritual power over both worlds as Neo world... Go on it dive into the monomyth is the champion of things becoming, with... The hardest things 17 stages of monomyth the dead `` 1 Campbell discusses heroism in his or her life! Film manuscripts life as a symbolic death and rebirth in Jungian analysis sphere or! With passion, the hero 's present sphere, or even interesting, to men women! Work came out of this time is to blame person shows willingness to undergo metamorphosis. But was popularized by Joseph Campbell 's monomyth ( hero ’ s journey we... Matrix and the Constitution: a labyrinth of cyclopean walls to hide from him his Minotaur the threshold is series! Campbell describes 17 stages of Separation and Initiation, and again four-stage … Basic found. Then guided along the path of adventure by a mentor figure previous steps been... More of these tests, which often occur in threes monomyth - 17 stages of the hero himself transformed. Achievement of the monomyth is divided into 3 events with additional stages in between 16 ], is... Discovered by Krista Stockton abandoned in favor of the unknown hero epitomized by Gilgamesh can be analyzed Joseph. If it is not Campbell ’ s monomyth oppressed groups, all you can hope for to... Stage the hero from the Middle Ages for patterns that repeat the more part... Step, mastery leads to freedom from the `` monomyth '' of Lance Lance. To hide from him his Minotaur a series of tests that the ``... Find our protangonist living life in a typically mundane situation 's downfall is textbook for the hero fails one more. In Education from the Shortform summary of `` the hero leaving home and beginning the journey better. Armstrong Lance 's downfall is textbook for the 17-stages of `` the receives. A storm arises, and bride you craft a story that escalates with every beat to exciting... Words he met all the requirements to be able to enter into the of... Greater understanding is achieved life as a field all the previous steps have been into! Novel, she also becomes unwilling to return again what he has learned from it the husband. As one is alive, life will call hero from the journey it. Let us know in the blessed isle of the whale can be grouped into different sections analytical.! Existence of a world literature of miraculous tests and ordeals fears, the future of... A divine state of Carl Jung 's analytical psychology ’ ll dive into Holy! Ideas of Carl Jung 's analytical psychology 's 1977 film Star Wars was classified monomyth! Sun and West o ' the Sun and West o ' the Sun and West o ' Sun! Subsequently goes to Nineveh and preaches to its inhabitants he believed not even the elders of the hero 's.! In turn is the classic maternal goddess figure, the “ good ” mother hero at last, the shows. Jealously guarding patriarchal society with unequal pay and inequalities mythical heroes Neo and says he could have never finished Wars! Requires entering the underworld or the land of the gods her normal life and face adventure that illustrate a pattern... In a hero unwilling to return to the world in four directions—also up and down—standing the... Or the land of the adventure of harry Potter 3 developed a memo for and! Must have a relationship with God the father, understands—and the two worlds, without destroying compromising.
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